张同冰
高考英语写作试题是最后冲刺复习的重点，如果复习的方法思路得当就会有意想不到的收获。首先要做到“两明确”：一是明确考查能力要求；二是明确高分标准。
此处所给范文很突兀，应顺一下。而且应以范文来具体说明所考察的能力和标准。
低分作文：
Dear Helen,
I’ve read your advertisement in a magazine. I want to be pen-friends with you.
My name is Wang Lin. I am living in a tradition Chinese family. My father is a bus-driver. My mother is a worker, and my sister is a nurse. They are working hard.
Now I’m studying in the Shanghai School. My school is very beautiful. I also learned a lot of in this school. So, I also like play tennis.
I am waiting for your answer.
Yours,
Wang Lin
高分作文：
Dear Helen,
I am writing this letter in response to your advertisement.
I am a girl of the same age with you. And I come from a happy and warm family, which includes my father, my mother, my sister and I. I am studying in a key school far from my hometown, but I never regretted for my own choice, for the life here is very colorful and challenging. I am interested in stamp collection and I have colleted more than three thousand stamps. I also like swimming, playing tennis and some other sports.
I wish that one day we could be good friends.
Yours Truly,
Wang Lin
高分作文最大的特点是具备了写作要求的四种能力和满足了高分的四项标准。
写作考查4能力：
1、审题能力：明确写作目的、要传递什么信息, 要说明什么问题、思想性等；
2、组织能力：处理信息的能力、组织文章的逻辑性；
3、修改能力：发现问题、纠正错误、提高文章档次；
4、发挥能力：表达简洁、地道、流畅、语言形式多样、词汇丰富、有自己的见解等。
写作高分4标准：
1、覆盖所有内容要点；
2、准确使用所学的语法和词汇；
3、应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；
4、有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。
应对策略：句式多样化，文段才潇洒
句式多样化是英语作文得取高分的重要保证。因此，要特别重视灵活变化的句式，注意句子的主动被动、句子的长短、句型之间的搭配等。这样才能使文章读起来富有生气。例如以下段落，只是简单句堆积，语义缺乏连贯，句式没有变化。
English becomes more important. All of us know the fact. Our society is more open to the world. But it is difficult to learn. I have learned English for seven years. But I still can not master it well. And we haven’t an environment.
修改后句式复杂有变化，语义连贯有层次，表达生动有力：It is well known that English has become increasingly important, especially to a society more open to the outside world. It is difficult, however, to have a better command of it----although I have learned English for 7 years----because of the lack of an English-speaking environment.
句子是作文的基础单位，一个句子表达一个完整的思想 (A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate a complete, independent unit of thought.)。成功的作品是由清晰的、合乎语法规则的句子所组成的。而对句子结构，句子类别和句子特征的理解又有助于写出好的句子来。所以，打好句子基础是提高写作水平的关键。以下是写好句子的关注点。
1、句子的完整性：
句子不论长短，只能有一个中心思想。例如：On the evening of Friday, the fourth of December, a week before she left for Chicago, Mrs. Smith had an accident while she was driving home from the supermarket. 此句虽然比较长，但是中心思想只在Mrs. Smith had an accident。
2、句子的清晰性：
要求考生正确使用句子结构，准确运用词语以及安排不同的修饰语的位置。不同的思想放不同的结构中，表示出它们相对的重要性。当我们给几个主要分句同等强调时，使用并列关系。几个并列分句之间常见的关系有递进、比较、选择和因果，例如以下句子：
As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged. （递进）
He scarcely knows a word of German, but he speaks English perfectly. （比较）Either humans will learn to live together in peace, or they will die together in war. （选择）
I helped with the machine, for it was my duty. （因果）
当我们想要对一个思想予以特别强调时，就要在复合句中运用从属关系去分别两句的重要性与次要性。一般说从句是为主句服务的，它可以使主句所表达的思想显得突出有力（宾语从句除外）。在确定从属关系时，如何辩明哪一个是主句所要强调的重要思想呢？这就要求我们了解整个段落的中心思想。例如：The boy raced for the bus, and his mother called after him. 这是一个并列句，两个分句表达相同重要的两个概念。如果这个句子所在的段落主要描述这个孩子不顾母亲劝说、阻拦所干的事，那么该句应为：Even though his mother called after him, the boy raced for the bus. 相反，如果句子所在的段落强调的不是孩子的行动，而是母亲的行为，那么该句应为：As the boy raced for the bus is mother called after him.
3、句子的简洁性：
写作要求精练，能用五个词来较好地表达思想，就不要用六个词，简洁的表达能起到更加强调的作用。通常在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用句子和短语的地方，我们性质短语；在能短语和词的地方，我们选择词。
例如1：Owing to the fact that I had a lot of work to do it, it wasn’t possible for me to accept their invitation. 改为：I was too busy to accept their invitation.
空洞的短语给文章添加了累赘，通常单个词就足以表达整个空洞的短语所表达的意义。在这种情况下，要用单个的词来代替。
例如2：He is a man who is honest, who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealings with others. 改为：He is an honest man, who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealings with others.
过多地使用从句会把次要的与主要的概念混为一谈，削弱句子的重点。
4、句子的逻辑性：
在同一个句子中人称、数、语气、时态和语态应保持一致，错误地改变这些成分的一致关系会使句子逻辑混乱、意义含糊不清。例如以下句子：
例1：人称变化
One reason that I appreciate classical music is the enjoyment and relaxation you get from listening to it. 改为：One reason that I appreciate classical music is the enjoyment and relaxation I get from listening to it.
例2：时态变化
We got off the bus and rented one of the boats that we use to get to the island.
改为：We got off the bus and rented one of the boats that we used to get to the island.
例3：语态变化
With greater attention the instructions could be understood, and we would not have to ask the teacher to explain the lesson outside of class. 改为：With greater attention we would understand the instructions, and we would not have to ask the teacher to explain the lesson outside of class.
句式多样化应对技巧：
技巧1、 变化句子的长度：
长句是用来表达比较复杂的思想或作为细节的描写；而简洁的短句常起到强调的作用，用来表达结论、重点以及重要事实非常恰当。因此最好在写作中根据不同的情况变化句子的长度。交错使用长短句，增加语言的表现力。
1）在不影响意思表达的前提下，删除一些词或短语
In my opinion, I thinkwe should get there as quickly as we can.
I thinkwe should get there as quickly as we can.
2）用单词替代词组
Joe entered the classroom without making any noise.
Joe entered the classroom quietly.
3）用短语代替句子
Please take care of my cat when I am away.
Please take care of my cat during my absence.
4）使用固定句型
As soon as we left the house, it began to rain.
We had no soonerleft the house than it began to rain.
技巧 2 、改变句子结构
为了避免文章平淡、呆板，写作中除了可以使用基本句型外，还可以运用其它不同的句式，如强调句、被动句、否定句等。
1）改变修饰成分的位置
He closed the door quickly.
Quicklyhe closed the door.
People can get around freely with a car.
With a car, people can get around freely.
2）不定式开头：
He got up early to catch the first bus.
To catch the first bus, he got up early.
3）分词开头：
If you give me enough time, I can do it well.
Given enough time, I can do it well.
After he finished the exercise, he went out.
Finishing the exercise, he went out.
4）主动或被动
Today, we use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.
Today machines are widely usednot only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.
5）肯定或否定
I shall go there if it does not rain.
I shall go there unlessit rains.
6）使用强调句
Helen and Linda prepared the dinner.
It wasHelen and Linda who prepared the dinner.
7）正常语序或倒装语序：
A new type of TV sets was among the products on display.
Among the products on displaywas A new type of TV sets.
We did not realize the problem of energy crisis until the end of last century.
Not untilthe end of last century did we realize the problem of energy crisis
写作试题5步法：
１、找点：仔细审题，找出内容要点，弄清大意。审题是写作的关键所在，仔细
审题才能深刻理解题目所要表达的主要意思。不论是汉语提示写作还是看图写作，考
生要会从所给提示中找到关键的内容要点。高分作文评分标准的第一个要求就是短文
“覆盖了所有的内容要点”，因此找点是写好短文的第一步。同时，也要审好人称、时态和文体。
２、连点成句：在弄清了题目所要表达的主要内容要点后，连点成句，即整理出
内容要点。理清要点的目的就是为了把握短文的脉络，不至于遗漏内容的要点。
３、连句成文：紧扣要点，扩句成文。依据要点扩写成文。扩写时，可运用想象
适度发挥。但切记不可随意乱写，要紧扣画面或汉语提示，适当描述，连贯通顺即可，不能把汉语提示全部译成英语。
４、复查修正：扩写成文后，考生应将扩写后的文章认真读一读，检查是否有错
误。在检查时，着重看短文是否扣住了提示或图画的内容，要点是否有遗漏。同时
还要注意有无语法错误，如时态、人称等，是否符合文体特点、格式等等。
5、润色提档：复读短文，审视是否运用了连接成分、是否运用了较多的语言结构、
是否运用了较丰富的词汇。一定要避免中式英语。
避免中式英语的有效途径是建立英语意识，即克服母语干扰。即英文中有动词的
时态变化,而中文却没有。英文中有名词的复数变化,而中文却没有。英文中的定语往
往后置,而中文的定语多半前置。英文的状语和中文的状语在句子结构中有不同位置
在英语语法复习过程中, 首先要克服来自母语习惯的干扰,努力培养英语的语言习惯。在备考的练习中,一定要养成一个习惯,即:凡是用到动词就自然想到它的恰当时
态、语态、语气以及是谓语还是非谓语。凡是用到名词时就一定要注意单数和复数的
问题。这样有意识地培养英语的语言习惯，就能够减少语言错误。语法给了我们语言
的基本规则，而良好的语感使我们能直觉地正确判断和使用语言。语法是可以讲授和
学习的，而语感却难以直接传授。良好的语感在高考中不仅对做答单项填空试题有利，对阅读理解试题、听力试题和作文试题也会有很大帮助。我们如果能脱口说出没有任何语法错误的句子，例如：
She likes watching TV very much.
This is one of the best books I have ever read.
Great changes have taken place in the city where I was born.,..
或者当你听到或见到这样的句子就感到不对，例如：
I have bought many book.
Tom has traveled many places.
They are persons I’d like to make friends.
那么，我们就有了一定的语感。如果能脱口就说出正确的句子，在写的时候就不会
丢三落四。同时也就能不费力地写出正确的句子。口头练习对于巩固和培养正确的语言习惯是非常重要的。避免中式英语的途径 “不写没读过的句子。”
张老师 -03-08
