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英语句子基本句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。五种基本句式如下：
1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
3主语＋系动词＋表语
4主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
此外还有特殊句式如there be句型、祈使句、强调句、倒装句等。
但是在真实的语言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写(概要写作)和应用文写作。在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一。因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介宾短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各种从句等。根据英汉句法的相互比较可知，识别英语句子中特征明显的四大句法构件——谓语动词、{从句}、[介宾短语]、(非谓语动词短语)，有助于以汉语为母语的学生迅速辨析英语句子结构、准确把握句意。下面分类解析：
一、复杂主语
包括下列情形：含有连词如and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also), as well as；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。如：
1. Those{who were highest[in status][in high school]}, as well as those(least liked[inelementary school]), are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”(高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (as well as 连接those who...与those least liked ...做主语)
句意：那些上中学时曾经地位极高的人，以及那些上小学时最不受待见的人，最有可能介入危险而大胆的行为。
2. The gunners like to describe{what they do}[as character-building], but we know{that(to wound an animal and watch it(go through the agony(痛苦) of dying))canmakenobody happy}. (动词不定式短语做第二个宾语从句的主语)
句意：猎手们喜欢把他们所做的事情描述为陶冶性情，但我们知道，伤害一头动物并注视着它经历濒死的痛苦，不可能让任何人快乐。
3.(Connecting to the community（社区）){as you freely give your time, money,skills, or services}providesa real joy. (高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (动名词短语做主语)
句意：与社区联系，由于你可以自由地奉献你的时间、金钱、技能或服务，因而会提供真正的喜悦。
4.(Dismissing small talk)[as unimportant]iseasy, but we can’t forget{that deep relationships wouldn"teven exist{if it weren’t[for casual conversation]} }. (全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D) (动名词短语做主语)
句意：以闲聊不重要而不予考虑，这很容易，但我们不能忘记，假如没有随意的交谈，深层关系甚至都不会存在。
5.{What you need}is a great teacher{wholets you(make mistakes)}.(高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B) (主语从句)
句意：你所需要的，是一位容许你犯错的良师。
6. Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer{whohad got to[within 100 miles of the South Pole][in 1908]},startedabusiness[before his 1914 voyage](to make money[from movie and still photography]). (全国甲卷阅读理解D) (主语后接定语从句所修饰的同位语)
句意：沙克尔顿，一度曾是英国商船队的军官，1908年到过离南极不到100英里处。他在19航行之前，开始做生意，通过拍电影和静止摄影来赚钱。
二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔
1. Mr. Robbins,[together with his wife and children], is leaving London for Paris.
句意：罗宾斯先生和他的妻儿一起，即将离开伦敦去巴黎。
2. Some peoplethink{thatthe great Chinese scholar Confucius,{wholived[from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.]},influencedthe development of chopsticks}. ( 全国丙卷语法填空)
句意：有些人认为，中国的大圣人孔子(约公元前551至479年)影响了筷子的研制。
3. Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer{who knew the Antarctic},was hired(to make the images,{most of which have never before been published}).(全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)
句意：弗兰克·赫尔利，了解南极洲的一位自信而有天赋的澳大利亚摄影师，受雇制作这些影像，其中的大部分以前从未发表过。
4.[According to the report"s key findings], “the proportion(比例){who say{they‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read[for fun] } }has gone[from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds][in 1984][to 22 percent and 27 percent]respectively today.”(全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)
句意：根据这份报告的主要发现，自称从未或几乎从未为了好玩而阅读的人，其所占比例已经从1984年13岁青少年中的8%和17岁青少年中的9%，分别上升至如今的22%和27%。
5.The woman(sitting at the desk),(seeing my madness), sympathetically jumped up. (全国甲卷完形填空)
句意：坐在办公桌旁的那位妇女看到我的狂躁，突然同情地站了起来。
三、复杂表语
包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
1. One (reason) was{that I was amazed at the fact{that a sick person could feel much better[after seeing a doctor]} }.(高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)(表语从句内含有同位语从句)
句意：一个(原因)是：在见到医生后，病人会感觉好多了，这种情况让我大为吃惊。
2.The general rule is{that mild zones haverelatively few languages,(often spoken by many people), while hot, wet zones have lots,(often spoken by small numbers) }.(全国卷Ⅰ阅读C) (表语从句内含有while并列句)
句意：一般规律是：在温暖地带，语言种类相对较少，每种语言的使用者却较多；而在湿热地带，语言种类较多，每种语言的使用者却较少。
四、复杂宾语
包括非谓语动词、(并列)宾语从句(介词后和动词后)等。
1. Dr. Prinstein has also found{that the qualities{that made the neighbors(want you)[on a play date]}-- sharing, kindness, openness --carry over tolater years and make you(better able to relate and connect with others)}.(全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (宾语从句内含有定语从句)
句意：普林斯坦博士还发现：让左邻右舍想邀请你参加聚会的品质——分享、友善、坦率，会延续到以后的岁月，让你更擅长与他人建立和维系良好的关系。
2.[Back in 1983],two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported{that young maple trees(getting bitten[by insects])send out a particular smell{that neighboring plants can get}}.(全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句内含有现在分词短语做后置定语和定语从句)
句意：回到1983年，两位科学家，杰克·舒尔茨和伊恩·鲍德温曾经记述：被昆虫啃噬的小枫树会散发出某种特别的气味，能够让邻近的植物“闻”到。
3.(In order to pass the class),[among other criteria], we had to write a paper[on{how we plan to apply{what we would learn[in class] }[to our future professions]and, eventually,[to our lives] } ]. (全国卷Ⅱ完形填空) (how引导的介宾从句内含有what引导的宾语从句)
句意：为了通过这门课程，除了要达到其他标准，我们还要写一篇论文，规划怎样把我们课堂所学运用到未来的职业中，并且最终运用到我们的人生中。
4. Axaniwrote[in his post]{that he is not looking foranything[in return] }and{that the woman{whouses the extra ticket}can choose(to either travel[with him]or take the ticket and travel[on her own])}. (全国Ⅲ卷完形填空) (两个并列的宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句内含有定语从句)
句意：阿萨尼在他的帖子中写道：他不想寻求任何回报，并且使用这张多余机票的女子可以选择，要么和他一起旅行，要么独自旅行。
五、复杂定语
包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、(多个)定语从句等。
1. It’s an amazing accomplishment and one{we cannot achieve[without generous support[from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations] ] }.(全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解A)(省略引导词的定语从句)
句意：这是一项惊人的成就，也是离开个人、企业以及其他社会团体的支持，我们不能实现的一项成就。
2.To people{who are used to the limited choice of apples[such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala[in supermarkets]] }, it can be quite an eye opener(to see the range of classical apples)[still in existence],[such as Decio{whichwas grown[by the Romans]} ].(全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C) (两个定语从句分别和介宾短语嵌套)
句意：对习惯于选择超市里的金冠、皇家嘎啦等有限苹果品种的人来说，看到各式各样的经典苹果仍然存在，会大开眼界，例如古罗马人培育的德乔苹果。
3. But my connection[with pandas]goes back to my days[on a TV show][in the mid-1980s],{when I wasthe first Western TV reporter(permitted(to film a special unit(caring for pandas(rescued[from starvation][in the wild] ) )))}. (全国新课标乙卷语法填空) (when引导的定语从句中含有层层嵌套的做非谓语动词短语)
句意：但是我和大熊猫的缘分要追溯到20世纪80年代中期我在一个电视节目摄制组的日子，当时我是获准拍摄大熊猫保护单位的第一位西方电视台记者，这些大熊猫是从野外的饥饿中被营救的。
4.Thursday sees us(make the short journey[to Paris{where we will visit Disneyland Paris park，(staying[until late](to see the parade and the fireworks) )}]).(全国卷Ⅱ阅读A) (关系副词where引导定语从句)
句意：星期四我们短途旅行去巴黎，在那里我们将会游览巴黎迪斯尼乐园，并且会呆到很晚，看游行和焰火。
5. Readers also tended to share articles{that wereexciting or funny}, or{that inspired negative feelings[like anger or anxiety]}, but not articles{that left them merely sad}. ( 全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D) (三个定语从句)
句意：读者们还倾向于分享刺激或可笑、或者引起像愤怒或焦虑等负面情绪的文章，而不是仅仅让他们悲伤的文章。
6.Also, it is not uncommon any more(to find carpenters (木匠)[with collegedegrees]and carpenters[with a solid knowledge of mathematics]),{which would enable them(to deal with more difficult house designs) }. (两个with介宾短语做定语，定语从句)
句意：并且，发现有大学学位的木匠和有可靠数学知识的木匠，不再罕见，而这就会让他们有能力处理较难的家居设计。
7.Now,(using teeth and bone pieces(taken from the baby’s grave)), scientists have compared the DNA[from the Unknown Child][with those(collected from members of five families{who lostrelatives[on the Titanic]and never recovered the bodies})]. (两个-ed形式做定语和who引导的定语从句)
句意：现在，使用从那个婴儿墓穴中采集的牙齿和骨骼碎片，科学家们已经把这位未知儿童的DNA和从五个家庭的成员身上采集的DNA做了比较，这些家庭失去了泰坦尼克号上的亲人，并且再也没能找回尸体。
六、复杂同位语(同位语从句)
1.{While they are rare north of 88°}, there is evidence{that they rangeall the way[across the Arctic], and[as far south as James Bay[in Canada]]}. (全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)
句意：尽管他们很少到达北纬88°以北，但有证据显示，他们一路跋涉穿越北极，并且向南远达加拿大詹姆斯湾。
2.The friendship{thatgrew out of the experience of(making that film and The Sting four years later) }had its root in the fact{that{although there wasan age difference}, we both came froma tradition of theater and live TV}. (全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (同位语从句内含有让步状语从句)
句意：源自那部电影和四年后《骗中骗》制作经历的友谊，根植于这样一个事实：尽管年龄有差距，但我们都来自戏剧和电视直播领域。
3.Weshared the belief{that{if you’re fortunate enough(to have success) }, you should put something back}--- he[with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps[for kids{who areseriously ill}]], and me[withSundance and the institute and the festival]. (全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (同位语从句内部含有条件状语从句)
句意：我们都相信：如果你有幸成功，你应该有所回报——他用他的“纽曼私厨”食品和他为重病患儿开设的“墙洞”营，而我则用“圣丹斯”研究所和电影节。
七、复杂状语
包括介宾短语、非谓语动词、(多个)状语从句等。
1.[With the college entrance examination[around the corner]], all the students are occupied withtheir revision. (with介词短语做状语)
句意：随着高考即将来临，学生们都在忙于复习。
2.[By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost[into the physical language of BSL(英式手语)]], Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge[between deaf and hearing worlds][by performing to both groups[as one audience]]. (全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A) (两个by介宾短语分别做方式状语)
句意：通过把《爱的徒劳》丰富而幽默的文字翻译成英式手语的肢体语言，“聋哑无忧”剧院创新地诠释了莎翁喜剧，并旨在把聋哑人和正常人作为一个观众整体，来为他们演出，从而构建两者之间的桥梁。
3.(When combined with berries or slices of other fruits),frozen bananas makean excellent base[for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”].(全国卷Ⅱ阅读B) (when引导的过去分词短语做时间状语)
句意：冷冻香蕉与浆果或其他水果切片结合，能提供极佳的基底，来制作浓稠冰凉的水果捞以及低脂的“冰淇淋”。
4. The Intelligent Transport team[at Newcastle University]have turned an electric car[into a mobile laboratory(named “DriveLAB”)](in order to understand the challenges(faced by older drivers))and(to discover{where the key stress points are}).(全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D) (介宾短语嵌套过去分词短语，做宾语补足语；动词不定式短语分别嵌套过去分词短语和宾语从句，做并列的目的状语)
句意：纽卡斯尔大学的智能交通团队已经把一辆电动轿车改装为一个名为“驾驶实验室”的移动实验室，旨在了解老年司机所面临的困难，并发现关键的应力点在哪。
5.{Delighted as I was[by the tomatoes[insight]]},my happiness deepened{when I learned{that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers[for Jack Dusty], a newly opened restaurant[at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton],{where —— luckily[for me]—— I was planning to have dinner that very night} } }. (全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B) (倒装让步状语从句，时间状语从句内含有嵌套定语从句的宾语从句)
句意：尽管我看到那些西红柿很高兴，但是当我了解到布朗氏果园是杰克·达斯蒂的供应商之一时，我就更加高兴了，因为后者是萨拉索塔·里兹·卡尔顿一家新开的餐厅，而对我来说幸运的是，我恰好打算当天晚上去那里吃饭。
6.Itwas calculated{that{when its population reached its highest point}, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number[equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population[in the United States]],(making it perhaps the most abundant birds[in the world])}. (全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B) (主语从句内含有时间状语从句、现在分词短语做伴随状语)
句意：据计算，当旅鸽的数量达到最高点时，曾经超过30亿只——相当于美国鸟类总量的24%到40%，这可能使它成为世界上数量最多的鸟类。
7.{Given that many people"s moods (情绪)are regulated[by the chemical action of chocolate]}, it was probably only a matter of time{before somebody made the chocolate shop[similar to a drug store of Chinese medicine]}. (全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解C) (given that引导原因状语从句, before引导时间状语从句)
句意：鉴于很多人的情绪是由巧克力的化学作用调节的，有人把巧克力商店变为类似于中药店，可能只是一个时间问题。
8.[In a second study(presented at the meeting)], scientists[from the UK and Denmark]showed{that even a few days of high temperatures canseverely reduce production of crops,[such as wheat, soya beans, rice and groundnuts(花生)],{if it occurs{when the plants are flowering}}}. (福建卷)(宾语从句内含有嵌套时间状语从句的条件状语从句)
句意：在会议上提交的第二项研究成果中，来自英国和丹麦的科学家指出，在植物开花时，如果出现哪怕几天的高温，都会严重地减少作物的产量，例如小麦、大豆、水稻和花生。
9.[According to the study],{if the cat is adopted[before the dog]},and{if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months[for cats], a year[for dogs])}, it is highly probable{that the two pets will get along swimmingly}.（广东卷B）(两个并列的条件状语从句，主语从句)
句意：根据这项研究，如果猫在狗之前被领养，并且如果在它们还小的时候领进门（猫不到六个月大，狗不到一岁），那么这两种宠物很有可能会相处融洽。
八、多个从句且从句套从句
1. He likes{that he can sit and check his phone[in peace]or chat up the barkeeper{with whom he"s[on a first-name basis]}{if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）}}. (高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C) (宾语从句内含有定语从句和条件状语从句)
句意：他喜欢可以安静地坐着查看手机，或者如果他想来点交流，可以和酒吧老板闲聊，他俩熟到可以直呼其名。
2.[For this courier job], you’reconsciously aware{that [in that box]you’ve got something{thatispotentially going to save somebody’s life}}.( 全国乙卷阅读理解C) (宾语从句内含有定语从句)
句意：对于这份信使工作，你要自觉地意识到：那口箱子里有某件东西，可能即将挽救某人生命。
3.Therefore,{when a person[from one of these cultures]is speaking and suddenly stops},{what may be implied (暗示)}is{that the person wants the listener(to consider{whathas been said})[before continuing]}.( 全国新课标乙卷阅读理解D)(时间状语从句、主语从句，表语从句内含有宾语从句)
句意：因此，某人来自其中一种文化，说话时突然停下，他可能在暗示聆听者先考虑一下他说过的话，然后他再继续。
4.{If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter}, excuse yourself and letthe person(know{you’rebusy})so they can get the hint (暗示）{that{when the door is closed},you’re not to be disturbed}. (全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五) (条件状语从句、宾语从句，同位语从句内含有时间状语从句)
句意：如果有人敲门而且没有要事，那么原谅你自己，让他知道你在忙，这样他们就会得到暗示：当门关着时，你不想被打扰。
5.But you can’t be successful{when there’sa lack of trust[in a relationship{that results from an action{where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake} } ]}. (全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五) (时间状语从句内含有两个嵌套的定语从句)
句意：但是在交往中缺乏信任，你就不可能成功；犯错者没有承担起修补错误的责任，这种行为会造成缺乏信任。
6.(Cursing my misfortune), I was wondering{where I was going to spend the night}{when I realized{that the villagers{who had gathered around me}were arguing[as to{who should have the honor of(receiving me[as a guest][in their house])} ]} }. (高考广东卷)(宾语从句、时间状语从句内含有嵌套两个定语从句的宾语从句)
句意：我咒骂我的不幸，想知道去哪里过夜，这时我意识到，之前聚集在我周围的村民们正在争论：谁应该有幸在家中接待我这个贵客。
7.Studies show{that social science majors are most suited for change,{which isthe leading feature of the kind of high speed, high pressure, high-tech world{we now live in}}}. (宾语从句含有两个嵌套的定语从句)
句意：研究表明：社科类专业最适应变化，而我们现在所处的那种高速度、高压力、高科技世界，其主要特征正是变化。
8.Itis important{because it shows{that regular physical exercise enables us(to make better use of the oxygen{we breathe in})}and{that this training,[in fact], reduces the amount of work{our hearts do}}}. (辽宁卷)(原因状语从句内含有分别嵌套定语从句的两个并列的宾语从句)
句意：这很重要，因为它表明：经常锻炼身体，让我们能更好地利用吸入的氧气，并且这种训练实际上减少了我们心脏的负荷。
九、复杂并列句(包含从句)
1. The likables’plays-well-with-others qualities strengthenschoolyard friendships, jump-startinterpersonal skills and,(when tapped early), are employedever after[in life and work]. (高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)
句意：讨人喜爱者善于和别人相处的品质，会巩固校园友谊、启动人际技巧，并且如果早期培养，今后在生活和工作中就会一直被运用。
2. We went 10-1 and I was named most valuable player,butI often had crazy dreams{in whichI was to blame for Miller’s accident}.(全国丙卷完形填空)
句意：我们的比分为10比1，并且我被评为最优秀选手，但是我经常做噩梦，在梦中我为米勒的事故受到责罚。
3.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, forpeople areoften less self-conscious(难为情){when they’re[in poorly lit places]}—— and so more likely to eat lots of food. (全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B)
句意：昏暗的环境更有可能鼓励过量进食，因为在光照弱的地方，人们一般不会感到那么难为情，因而更有可能吃大量的食物。
4.{When the weather is fair and settled},they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their beautiful shapes[on the clear evening sky], but sometimes{when it is cloudless}, gray steam gathers[around the top of the mountains]{which,[in the last rays of the setting sun], will shine and light up[like a crown of glory]}. (全国卷)
句意：天气晴朗无风时，它们披蓝戴紫，把美丽的外形印衬在清澈的夜空，但有时没有云，灰蒙蒙的雾气聚集起来环绕山顶，在落日最后的余晖中，像一顶荣耀的皇冠熠熠生辉。
十、多个非谓语动词
1. Thenthe personleavesit[in a public place],(hoping{that the book will have an adventure,(travelingfar and wide[with each new reader{whofinds it}])}). (全国甲卷阅读理解C)
句意：然后此人把书留在公共场所，希望此书会发生奇遇，和每一位发现它的新读者一起，进行遥远而广阔的旅行。
2.He reportedthe case[to the police]and then satthere, lost and lonely[in a strange city],(thinking of the terrible troubles of(getting all the paperwork(organized again[from a distant country]))(while trying to settle down[in a new one])). (全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解A)
句意：他向警方报告这起案件，然后坐在那儿，在一座陌生的城市里感到茫然而孤独，想像从一个遥远的国家再次整理所有文件，同时又要努力在一个新的国家安顿下来，简直太麻烦了。
年全国卷中出现的倒装句
1. Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it isalso responsible for those outcomes, too. (高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (not only开头的倒装句)
句意：人缘不仅与积极人生的成就有关，而且也是取得那些成就的原因。
2. We found{that the least well-liked teens had becomemore aggressive[over time][toward their classmates]}. But so hadthose{whowere high[in status]}. (高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (so开头的倒装句)
句意：我们发现最不合群的青少年，随着时间的推移，变得对他们的同学更具挑衅性。但是那些地位高的人也会变得如此。
3. Only[at dinnertime]are we eating together anymore，74 percent，[according to statistics[from the report]]. (高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C) (only开头的倒装句)
句意：根据这份报告的统计数字，只有在晚餐时，不独自用餐的人才多一点，74%。
4. Of course, notonly are today"s top Western designersbeing influenced[by China]——some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." (高考全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B) (not only开头的倒装句)
句意：当然，如今一流的西方设计师不仅正在受到中国的影响，而且当代时装业一些最好的设计师本身就是中国人。
5. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so arethe consumers," she says. (高考全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B) (so开头的倒装句)
句意：她说：“最有名的设计师是中国人，模特也是如此，消费者也是如此。”
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