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考点·形容词和副词的比较等级
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most；形容词的最高级前面要加定冠词the。
1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so (as)…as…和the same as。如：
I am not so good a player as you are.
2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：
The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：
★直接使用比较级
How beautiful she sings! I’ve never heard a better voice.
= She has the best voice I’ve ever heard.
any other +n. (单)
★比较级+than + the other + n. (复)
any of the other +n. (复)
① He works harder than any other student.
② She goes to school earlier than the other girls.
③ China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.
★比较级 + than + anything / anyone else
Tom cared more for money than for anything else.
★在比较句型中使用“no, never, nobody, nothing” + 比较级等词。
① I have never spent a more worrying day.
② Nobody can do the work better than he did.
5.表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favorite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
【预测题】
I’m 164cm tall. You are 183cm.You are _____ than me.
A. tallerB. thinnerC. strongerD. shorter
【答案】A。解析：考查形容词比较级。句意为“我身高164cm，你183cm，你比我高。”这里说的是身高的比较。B. thinner更瘦；C. stronger更强壮；D. shorter更矮。故选A。
考点·动词
1.情态动词
（1）may / might否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。
（2）must表示“必须、一定”，否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”。
（3）dare作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，过去式为dared。
（4）can / could + have done在肯定句中表示“本来可以做而实际上没能做某事”。
should have done表示对过去行为的推测“本应该做而实际上没有做某事”。
needn’t have done表示“本来不必做而实际上做了某事”。
2.动词时态与语态
所谓“时”就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段，即：“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”四种；所谓“态”就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态，有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态四种。由时态结合，便形成下列十六种时态：
（1）现在进行时表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.
（2）现在进行时代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The Yangtze River is flowing into the east.
（3）现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性。
---Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
---I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.
3.动词语态--主动表被动
（1）某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如look, smell, taste, feel, prove, sound等。例：The flower smells sweet.
（2）某些及物动词后加副词，也可以表示被动意义，如cut, clean, draw, lock, open, pack, play, peel, sell, shut, split, strike, record, iron, keep等。例：This type of TV sells well. The meat cuts easily.
（3）deserve, need, require, stand, want等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。若动名词是不及物的，后面应跟有介词。例：The kids need taking care of. The table wants cleaning.
（4）某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。例：The stone is hard to break. It is easy to understand.
【预测题】
Mike likes _____ football so he _____ football everyday.
A. playing; plays B. play; plays C. plays; play D. playing; played
【答案】A。解析：考查like的用法和动词的时态。like doing sth和like to do sth都表示“喜欢做某事”。like doing sth表示长时间地喜欢做某事，指兴趣爱好，在意义上比较一般和抽象，且时间观念不强，不指某一次的具体动作。而like to do sth表示喜欢做某事，指某个具体的动作，表示偶尔一次喜欢做某事或者突然喜欢做某事。所以第一个空应选playing。第二个空应用一般现在时表示经常发生或习惯性的动作。故选A。
考点·词汇辨析
1. be used to, use to do和be used to doing的区别
（1）used to do表示“过去常常做某事”
I used to play football after school.过去我常常在放学后踢足球。
（2）be used to do表示“被用来做某事”
This knife can be used to cut things.这把刀能够被用于切东西。
（3）be used to + doing表示“习惯于……”，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to living in the country now.他现在习惯了住在农村。
2. spend, take, pay, cost的区别
（1）spend的主语通常是人，往往用于句型(sb.) spend some money/some time on sth. / (in) doing sth.如：
He spent three days on the work. = He spent three days (in) doing the work.
（2）take常用于“占用、花费”时间，其主语通常为形式主语“it”或物。句式是：It takes / took sb. some time to do sth = Sth. take(s) / took sb. some time. 如：
It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses.
The work took me two days.
（3）pay为“付款、赔偿”之意，主语通常是人，往往是sb. pay some money for sth.或pay sb. (some money for sth)。如：
He has paid the doctor 50 pounds for the medicine.
How much did you pay him?
（4）cost的主语必须是某物。句型是sth. cost (sb.) some money。如：
The dictionary cost me 20.
3. rise, arise, raise, arouse的区别
rise, arise是不及物动词；raise, arouse是及物动词。
（1）rise (rose, risen) vi. 上升，升起，升高；上涨
说明主语自身移向较高位置，常用于日、月、云、雾、烟、蒸汽、温度、物价等，无被动语态。如：
The moon has risen above the hills. 月亮已经从山上升起。
（2）arise (arose, arisen) vi.（问题，困难等）出现；发生，产生；主语一般为抽象名词，如problem, trouble, quarrel, difficulty, misunderstanding, disagreement。常用短语：arise from / out of sth.由……引起；因……产生。如：
They are talking about problems arising out of the lack of communication.
他们正在谈论由于缺乏交流而产生的问题。
（3）raise vt. 招募；养育，栽培；提高；举起；说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其他事物的，往往有使物体达到其应有的高度的含义。可用于被动语态。如：
招募：to raise an army 养育、栽培：to raise a child
提高工资、租金：raise salaries/ the rent
举起手：raise one’s hand 提出问题：raise a question
（4）arouse意为“激起，唤醒；使……奋发”，可用于被动语态。如：
He was aroused from his sleep by the doorbell. 门铃声把他从睡眠中唤醒。
【预测题】
My retired father is used to _____ his two dogs early in the morning.
A. exercise B. exercising C. exercised D. exercises
【答案】B。解析：考查动词be/get used to doing的用法。be/get used to doing sth.表示“习惯于做某事或习惯于某事”，to是介词，后面要跟名词、代词或动名词。而used to do sth.则表示“过去常常做某事”，to后跟动词原形。句意：我退休的父亲习惯一大早去煅炼他的两条狗。故选B。
考点·连词
1.连词分类
2.连词用法辨析
① because, as, since, for的用法区别
a. because“因为”，表示原因的语气最强，可用来回答why提出的问题，常表示必然的因果关系，从句一般放在主句后面；另外，可以引导表语从句，可用于强调句等，而其余三者则不行。如：
He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.（他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害。）
b. as“因为”，表示一般的因果关系，语气比because弱，说明比较明显的原因，它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。如：
As he wasn’t ready in time, we went without him.（因他未及时准备好，我们没等他就走了。）
c. since“既然”，表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。如：
I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.（既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧。）
d. for“因为”，是并列连词（其余三者为从属连词），语气较弱，用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如：
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.（昨晚一定下过雨，你看今天早上地面是湿的。）
② when, while, as的用法区别
a. while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是可延续的，而when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词是可延续的，也可以是表短暂性动作的动词。如：
When / While he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring.
When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. (不可以用while)
b. 从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
c. 表示“随着……”，连词用as，不用when或while。如：
As the election approached, the violence got worse.
③ if, whether的用法区别
a. 互换的场合
引导宾语从句表示“是否”时，两者常可互换。如：
He didn’t tell me if / whether he would come.（他没有告诉我他是否会来。）
b. 通常用if的场合
★当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用if而不用whether。如：
She asked me if Tom didn’t come.（她问我Tom是不是没有来。）
★若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用if（意为“如果”）。
c. 通常用whether的场合
★引导主语从句且放在句首时。如：
Whether he will come is still a question.（他是否会来还是个问题。）
注：若在句首使用形式主语it，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用 if 来引导。如：
It was not known whether / if he would come.（不知他是否会来。）
★引导表语从句时。如：
The question is whether we should go on with the work.（问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。）
★引导宾语从句且放在句首时。如：
Whether he is single I don’t know.（他是否单身，我不知道。）
★引导让步状语从句时。如：
Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.（不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。）
★与or连用分别引导两个从句时。如：
I don’t know whether he is wrong or she is wrong. 我不知道是他错了，还是她错了。
★用于不定式之前时。如：
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.（我真是哭笑不得。）
★用于介词之后时。如：
It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.（这取决于信是否来得及时。）
★直接与or not 连用时。如：
I will write to you whether or not I can come.（我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。）
【预测题】
It was clear that Lucy was unhappy. _____, it comes as no surprise she has decided to resign.
A. However B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. Besides
【答案】B。解析：考查连词辨析。A然而，可是；B因此；C否则，另外；D而且，此外。根据题意：很明显，Lucy不高兴。因此，她决定辞职也就不足为奇了。故选B。
考点·定语从句
定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫作先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，它的作用：一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用；二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
1.关系代词的用法
（1）作主语用who, which和that，如：
a. He is the man who / that lives next door.
b. The train which / that has just left is for Shenzhen.
（2）作宾语用whom, who, which, that，如：
a. The man (whom / who / that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
b. Where is the book (which / that) I bought last week?
（3）作定语用whose，如：
a. He is the man whose car was stolen last week.
b. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.
注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)
（4）作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.
2.关系副词
（1）关系副词的用法
① when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：
time, day, morning, night, week, year
如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.
Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?
注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。
如：Each time he came, he did his best to help us.
But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.
② where指地点，在从句中作地点状语，它的先行词通常有：
place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等
如：This is the hotel where they are staying.
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.
注：where有时也可以省略。如：
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
③ why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有：
reason
如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.
注：why时常也可以省略。如：
That is the real reason he quitted.
（2）使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
①三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which.
如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.
②当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that，缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.
③ when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。
3.连接词只用that的情况：
（1）先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词。
（2）先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时。
（3）先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时。
（4）先行词既指人又指物时。
（5）先行词被the only, the very修饰时。
（6）句中已经用who或which时，为了避免重复。
【预测题】
In a sports team each player has a clear role, and there are few occasions _____ members are confused or uncertain of their roles.
A. when B. where C. why D. how
【答案】A。解析：考查定语从句。定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。解答这类题目，分析句子结构是关键。看关系词在定语从句中担当什么成分，以及实际意义来选择正确的关系词。本句中when引导的定语从句修饰occasions。occasion意为“时刻，……的时候”，关系副词在定语从句中作时间状语。
考点·表语从句
在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
（1）引导表语从句的连接词：
连接词：that, whether（if不引导表语从句），as if
The trouble is that she has lost his money.
The question is whether we really need their help.
It looked as if it was going to snow.
连接代词：what, who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等
The question is which of us should go.
The problem was who could do the work.
That’s what he is worrying about.
That’s what we should do.
连接副词：when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever
Go and get your coat. Its where you left it.
That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.
（2）表语从句其他常见结构
①The reason is that…
The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
②That is because …
That’s because we never thought of it.
③That is why…
That is why I cannot agree.
④It seems / looks as if
It seems as if he didn know the answer.
【预测题】
Taking pictures of snow is _____ Ken has spent much of the past years doing.
A. that B. which C. what D. now
【答案】C。解析：考查表语从句。what在表语从句中作doing的宾语。句意：Ken过去的几年大部分的时间用在了拍雪景上。
考点·翻译
英译汉
英译汉的翻译技巧有以下几点：
1.词语形态和词义的变化
由于英语是显性语言，词汇意义的变化可以通过词形的变化表现出来。所以，在英译汉时要特别注意英语词汇的形态，如名词单复数、动词时态等。如果单词形态对句子的意思有影响，汉语要把这种词语形态引起的意思变化翻译出来。如：Mr. Green didn’t talk over her daughter’s suggestions about their holiday.这一句中的suggestions是复数，翻译时应译为“各项建议”。当词形的变化不会引起意思的变化时，不用译。
2.词性的转换
英译汉中经常出现的几种词性转换包括动词转译成名词，形容词转译成名词或动词（短语），副词转译成形容词或名词，介词（短语）转译成动词等。如：
（1）Fire fighters know how fires behave, just as soldiers know how an enemy will probably fight.
译文：消防员了解火的走势，就像士兵了解敌人的战术。（动词→名词）
（2）We will go to Beijing by plane.
译文：我们要乘飞机去北京。（介词短语→动词短语）
汉译英
1.首先进行段落大意分析，再进行句群分析、句子分析，最后以句子为单位进行翻译；
2.要关注句子内部的调整、句子层次意义的译文重组；
3.段落翻译的焦点仍是句子翻译，这个过程中，要注重句际关系的分析，从段落的视野把握每个句子的处理方式；
4.与英译汉篇章翻译相同，还是要先通读，然后翻译，最后重读一遍。
【预测题】
首先，鉴于我们身处高科技时代，掌握电脑技能应是明智的。其次，我建议在你的闲暇时间，要继续学习英语，这会为你日后留学海外奠定牢固的语言基础。最后，除了关注学业成绩外，还应注重交际能力的培养。
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【答案】
To begin with, it’s advisable for you to be equipped with computer skills, considering that we’re now in a high-tech age. Besides, I would recommend that you continue studying English in your spare time, which will lay a solid foundation for your future study abroad. Lastly, emphasis should be given to communication skills as well as academic achievement.
