2.非谓语动词的否定形式: 在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
3.非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
动名词复合结构：代词宾格或名词所有格+doing (-ing形式作主语时,用代词主格或名词所有格＋doing)
分词独立结构：代词主格或名词+doing /done(句中作状语表时间、原因、伴随、让步、方式等)
4.非谓语动词的做题步骤
(1)判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词;
(2)找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语;
(3)判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系;
(4)判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前且表被动关系常用 done; 之后且表主动关系常用to do; 同时且表主动关系常用doing.
5.不定式符号to 的保留问题
有时为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget,want, try；或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been这些词要保留。
6.在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。
如：There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to dothe work.)
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)
注意:下面两个句子的含义的不同
There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)
7.动名词作主语
动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。
It is / was no use / good + doing sth.
It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.
It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.
如：It is / was useless 如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
注意:若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.眼见为实。
8.分词作状语
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。
如：Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)
Be careful while / when crossing thestreet. (时间)
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)
Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)
9.独立成分
有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有,Generally speaking … 一般说来; Frankly speaking … 坦白地说; Judging from … 根据……来判断; Considering … 考虑到……; To tell you the truth … 说实话;
10.不定式作表语
在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prove/ turn out (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.
11.动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。
如: We could do nothing but / other than wait.
We have no choice but to wait.
I can’t choose but laugh.
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1.不规则形容词与副词：
far, late, old, bad, ill, many, much, good, well,little
2.只修饰可数名词的有：few, a few, many, a great/good many, a large numberof…
3.只修饰不可数名词的有：
little, a little, much, a large amount of, agreat/good deal of…
4.可数不可数都可修饰的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of,large quantities of
5.be very important= be of great importance
6.只作表语的形容词：
abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的, alike相似的, alive在世的, asleep睡着的, awake醒着的, fond喜欢的
7.习惯后置的形容词:
enough充足的, included包括的, present出席的, left剩下的, involved有关的, abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的, alike相似的, alive在世的, asleep睡着的, awake醒着的, deep深的, long长的, high高的, thick厚的, old老的, thin薄的, wide宽的, narrow窄的, junior年少的, senior年长的
8.形似副词的形容词
friendly, manly, womanly, brotherly, sisterly, wifely, comradely, husbandly,timely, hourly, daily, weekly, yearly, monthly, quarterly, early, silly, ugly,lovely, likely, lively, lonely, sickly, homely, worldly
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五、副词
1.有无-ly意思不同的副词
wide宽的, widely广泛地; deep深的, deeply深刻地; high高的, highly高度地; direct直接地, directly立刻; close亲近的, closely紧密地; near附近, nearly几乎; hard难, hardly几乎不; most大多数, mostly 主要地; dear可爱, dearly非常; late迟, lately最近; bad坏, badly非常; low低的, lowly卑贱地; fine很好地, finely细微地; easy小心, easily容易地; sharp恰好, sharply急剧地; pretty相当, prettily漂亮地
2.形容词变副词时的拼写变化
particular-particularly特别的, beautiful-beautifully美丽的, possible-possibly可能的, true-truly真实的, full-fully满的, scientific-scientifically科学的, easy-easily容易的, good-well好的
3.无比较等级的形容词或副词
alive, asleep, aloud, awake, foreign, main, final, junior, complete,double, square, correct, enough, fearless, alone, total, empty, right, wrong,impossible, favourite, excellent, last, perfect, whole, superior (优越), inferior(较劣的), unique(唯一的), wooden(木制的) , senior(高级的)
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六、代词
1.不定代词:
all, any,none, both, either, neither; other, another; some, any; little, few; something,anything, nothing, somebody,one, anybody/one, nobody, no one等
2.替代词:
it,one,ones, that, those
3.习惯接oneself的动词:
abandon放弃, absent...from缺席, amuse娱乐, apply应用, carry携带, commit提交, concern关注, conduct表现, content使满足, devote奉献, dress穿衣, enjoy享受, excuse借口, feel感觉, forget忘记, help帮助, hurt伤害, lose…in使沉溺于, pride upon以自豪, shave刮胡子, suggest建议, value...on重视…
4.相互代词：each other, one another
5.指示代词：this, that, these, those, such, same
6.复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时，形容词须放在它们的后面。
如：nothing wrong没有毛病
7.whatever, whoever,whichever等词可引导名词性从句,也可引导表示让步的状语从句。
8.this和that有时作状语用，表示"程度"，意谓"这么"和"那么"。如：this thick这么厚, that much那么多
9.少数前有冠词的代词。
the other, the others, a few, a little
10.常用于“疑问词+不定式”结构的动词
advise建议, answer回答, ask问, beg乞求, consider考虑, convince说服, decide决定, discover发现, doubt怀疑, explain解释, find找到, forget忘记, guess猜, hear听到, imagine想, know知道, learn学习, persuade说服, pray祈祷, promise承诺, remember记得, remind提醒, see看到, show显示, suggest建议, teach教, tell告诉, think认为, understand理解, want想要, warn警告, wire拍电报, write写, wonder想知道
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七、从句
1.名词性从句：
当从句的结构与意义都完整，说话人语气坚定用that，有疑问用whether/if
当从句的结构完整，意义不完整，缺状语用where,when,why,how, 缺定语用whose或which
当从句的结构不完整，缺主宾表，说事用what，说人用who, whom
2.形容词性从句(定语从句)：
当从句的结构不完整，缺主宾表，说事用that /which，说人用that/who/whom
当从句的结构完整，意义不完整，缺状语用where(in/on+which), when(in/on/at/during+which), why(for+which)
当从句的结构不完整，缺定语用whose(=of which/whom +the+n. = the+n.+of which/whom)
3、副容词性从句(状语从句)：
时间状语 when, whenever, while, as,before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, nosooner…than, the moment, the second, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly
地点状语 where, wherever
原因状语 because, as, since, now that
条件状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that
目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that
结果状语 so…that, such…that
比较状语 than, as…as, not so/as…as, themore…the more
方式状语 as if, as though, as
让步状语 though, although, even if,even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matterwhich, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
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