0 前言
1. 特殊语序：前置
1.1 提前宾语作前置
My father just can’t stand people like that.书面语形式
宾语前置：People like thatcan not be stood by my father.
We have already discussedthat questionat some length. 书面语形式
That questionhas already been discusses at some length. 口语形式，不能用于书面语
That questionwe have already discusses at some length.口语形式，不能用于书面语
提前句中非主语的成分至句首的操作在演讲中非常常见
1.2 疑问词引导的从句前置
疑问词引导的从句也经常可以做前置处理I just don’t know what I’m going to do next.What I’m going to do next I just don’t know.
2. 特殊语序：倒装
所谓“倒装”就是把一个句子正常的顺序颠倒，起到强调、突出句子语气等作用。倒装可分成很多种，如主谓倒装、主表倒装、主宾倒装等。但只需要掌握“主谓倒装”，主语和谓语动词顺序颠倒，即谓语动词被放到主语前。主谓倒装分为两种，全部倒装和部分倒装英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误；后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异2.1 as / though 让步状语从句的倒装，
① as / though 引导让步状语从句的倒装句，可将形容词，副词，分词，实义动词提前，表示 “尽管”， 语气相当正式，有强调之意。
在使用 as/though 倒装结构时要注意以下两点:
1.句首的名词或形容词不能带任何冠词2.句首是实义动词时，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Shortest as/though she is,she is not the youngest. 倒装后，最高级前不用冠词
Child as he is，he knows a lot. 倒装后，单数名词前不用 a
Fail as I did,I would try again. 倒装后，实义动词提前，在主语后添加助动词。
as 和 though 是可以替换使用的么?
1.这类让步倒装句式用 as 或 though 均可，总的说来，as 比though 更常见，但是绝对不能用 although2.用 though 时，也可以不倒装；而用 as 时，必须倒装。
(1) though + 主语 + be 动词 + 形容词：形容词可移至句首，可以用 as 取代 though
Though/Although they were happy，there was something missing.= Happy as/though they were,there was something missing.= As happy as they were，there was something missing.尽管他们很快乐，但总缺少点什么。但绝不能说成: Happy although they were，there was something missing.
小提示：上面 As happy as they were 中，第一个 As 是副词，没有实际意义，第二个as 是连词，译成 “虽然”，表让步。
(2) though + 主语 + be 动词 + 名词
名词可移至句首，可以用 as 取代 though。但名词若为单数可数名词，移至句首时，原有的不定冠词 a 或 an 一定要省略
Though/Although he is a nice boy，I dislike him.= Nice boy as/though he is,I dislike him. 虽然他是个好孩子，我还是不喜欢他。Though/Although they are nice boys，I dislike them.= Nice boys as/though they are， I dislike them.虽然他们是好孩子，我还是不喜欢他们。
(3) though 引导的状语从句中有副词时，可将副词移至句首，此时 though 也可用 as 取代
Though he studied hard, he failed to pass the exam.= Hard as/though he studied,he failed to pass the exam.= As hard as he studied, he failed to pass the exam. 虽然他努力读书，还是未能通过考试。Though she sings well,she can’t be a singer.= Well as/though she sings，she can’t be a singer.= As well as she sings，she can’t be a singer. 她虽然歌唱得好，但无法成为一名歌手。
(4) though引导的状语从句若无副词时，可在句首添入副词much(很)，再接as或though即可
Though he loves me，I don’t like him.Much as/though he loves me,I don’t like him.=As much as he loves me，I don’t like him.他虽然很爱我，我就是不喜欢他。Though he wanted to see her，he didn’t have the courage.Much as/though he wanted to see her，he didn’t have the courage.=As much as he wanted to see her,he didn’t have the courage.他虽然很想见她，却没有勇气。
(5) though 引导的状语从句有助动词 may 时，其后原形动词可置于句首，再接 as 或 though 即可
Though he might try, he couldn’t open the door.=Try as he might, he couldn’t open the door.=However hard he tried, he couldn’t open the door.他想尽了办法也没能打开门。小提示: as 若置于句首，则表示“因为”之意，是副词连词，等于because。如: As you were out,I left a message. 你不在，所以我留了一张字条儿。
【形式】表语 + as / though + 主语 + 系动词
Cold as/though it was, I went out.
【形式】状语 + as / though + 主谓 / 主谓宾
As / Though they fought bravely, they had no chance of winning.
Bravely as/though they fought, they had no chance of winning.
I respect your point of view much, I can’t agree.
Much as / though I respect your point of view, I can’t agree.
2.2 间接引语前置倒装
间接引语前置：在非正式的口语交际中，间接引语部分内容可提前（提前主谓结构）I don’t know how farhe’s gone.He’s goneI don’t know how far.I don’t know how longhe’s been talking for.
He’s been talking forI don’t know how long.I can’t tell you how much moneywe spenton the holiday.
We spentI can’t tell you how much money on the holiday.You’ll never guess whatAndy gave mefor my birthday.
Andy gave meyou’ll never guess what for my birthday.
3. 部分倒装
部分倒装是把谓语动词的一部分置于主语前部分倒装的结构非常简单，就是相当于变一般疑问句，只要把一个陈述句变为一般疑问句，那么这个一般疑问句的形式就是部分倒装。3.1 疑问句
结构特征：助动词 + 主语（部分倒装）这个结构很常见常见于疑问句中，英语中的疑问句都是倒装句What time is it ?What did you do?3.2 so / nor / neither 类型的倒装
so / nor / neither 开头的句子例句：Tired ? So am I.She can’t swim. Nor / Neither can I.Lucy is smart. So are we.Lucy isn’t fat. Nor / Neither are we.详细见下so / such 倒装句
在 “so…that…” 或 “such…that…” 的结构中，若将 so 或 such 及其所引导的词类置于句首时，则采用倒装结构。句法与否定倒装句完全相同。
(1) 句中有 be 动词时，该 be 动词与主语倒装
Jason is so helpful that we all like him.=So helpful is Jason that we all like him.贾森超级乐于助人，所以我们都喜欢他。They are such lazy students that they have no hope of passing the exam.=Such lazy students are they that they have no hope of passing the exam.他们是这样懒惰的学生，因此想考及格全都无望了。
(2) 句中有助动词时，该助动词与主语倒装
He has done so well that he deserves our respect.= So well has he done that he deserves our respect.他做得这么好，所以值得我们尊敬。
(3) 句中若为一般动词时，不可直接倒装
使用时需要在主语之前先按该动词时态及人称变化，分置 do、does 或 did，再将该动词变成原形动词
He came so late that he missed the plane.=So late did he come that he missed the plane.他到得太晚，而没赶上飞机。He did such a wonderful job that he won our respect.=Such a wonderful job did he do that he won our respect.他表现得如此棒，因而赢得我们的尊敬。She acts so well that she can make a good actress.=So well does she act that she can make a good actress.她演得这么好，所以一定可以当个好演员。
(4) “so+助动词+主语”倒装
当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用 “so + 助动词 + 主语” 这种倒装结构。若前面提出某一个否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的 so 改为 neither 或 nor
She likes music and so do I.她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。If he can do it,so can we.要是他能做这件事，我们也能。You aren’t young and neither am I.你不年轻，我也不年轻。She hasn’t read it and nor have I.她没读过，我也没有。
3.3 否定词放句首的倒装
否定倒装句就是将否定副词、否定否词短语和否定状语从句移至句首的倒装
否定表达提前的句中，也可使用此类倒装，很正式的表达，一般在书面语，口语不用
例句：
Under no circumstances can we cash cheques.Not until much later did we learn the truth.
其他表示否定的词：提到句首需要倒装
Hardly / seldom / barely / rarely / scarcely … (when) …No sooner … (than) … 一 … 就 …Not only … but (also) … (as well)little / Never …
常用的否定副词短语
by no means 绝不in no way 绝不on no account 绝不under no circumstances 绝不in no situation 绝不at no time 绝不in no case 绝不
常用的否定状语从句
not until + S + V 直到 …only when + S + V 只有到 … 的时候only after + S + V 只有到 … 之后
(1) be 动词：主语之后有 be 动词时，be 动词与主语要倒装
He isneverhappy. →\to→Neveris he happy. 他从不快乐Jack couldhardlyspeak Japanese. →\to→Hardlycould Jack speak Japanese. 杰克几乎不会说日语Helen isby no meansthe person we need. →\to→By no meansis Helen the person we need. 海伦绝非是我们需要的人I wasnotaware of ituntilhe came. →\to→Not untilhe came was I aware of it. 直到他来，我才发觉这件事
(2) 助动词：主语之后有助动词时，助动词与主动要倒装
He canhardlymove. →\to→Hardlycan he move. 他几乎不能动He hasneverdone it before. →\to→Neverhas he done it before. 他从来没做过这件事He willnotleaveuntilMary comes back. →\to→Not untilMary comes back will he leave. 直到玛丽回来，他才会离开.He can do itunder no circumstances.→\to→Under no circumstancescan he do it. 他绝不可能做此事
(3) 一般动词：按照动词时态，选择 do、does、did，再将动词变为原形
Heseldomtravels abroad. →\to→Seldomdoes he travel abroad. 他很少旅行.Weby no meansunderstand what he says. →\to→By no meansdo we understand what he says. 我们无法了解他说的话Helittleknew that Mary’s English could be so good. →\to→Littledid he know that Mary’s English could be so good. 他一点也没想到玛丽的英语会那么好 （实际上并没有 “He little knew …” 的说法，只有 “Little did he knew …” 的说法，换言之， little 只能置于句首采用倒装结构）
(4) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装。包括我们刚说的以下这些意思类似于“绝不”的短语：at no time , in no way，by no means，on no account, in no case，under no circumstances
On no accounts must this switch be touched.这个开关是绝不能触摸的。Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。By no means was he able to handle it.这件事他绝对没办法处理。In no case should you forget your task.你决不能忘记自己的任务。
(5) 用于 no sooner… than, hardly/scarcely… when 的句型中。表示“一…就…” 注意此时是前面倒装而后面不倒装
We hadno soonerreached the airportthanthe plane took off.=No soonerhad we reached the airportthanthe plane took off. 我们刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。She hadhardlybegun to speak,whenthere was a shout from the back of the hall.=Hardlyhad she begun to speak，whenthere was a shout from the back ofthe hall. 她刚一开始讲话．大厅后面就传来一声大吼。
(6) 用于 not only…but also… 的句型中，表示“不仅…而且…”
Not only did he show up late,but also forgot his homework. 他不但来迟了，还忘了把作业带来。小提示: not only…but also. … = not only…but…. as well 如: Not only can she sing, but she can dance as well.她不仅会唱歌，而且还会跳舞。Before I left, not only had I closed the door, but I had (also) cleaned the room. = Before I left, not only had I closed the door, but I had cleaned the room as well. 我离开之前，不但关了门，还打扫了房间。
(7) 用于 not until 句型当中，表示“直到…才”。当 not until 位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序
Not until a few months later did he know the story.直到几个月后,他才知道这件事。Not until eleven o’clock did he come home.他到十一点才回家。He didn’t leave the mall until the rain stopped. = Not until the rain stopped did he leave the mall.(主句倒装)雨停了之后他才离开这商场。
(8) 用于 not a + 单数可数名词的句型当中，表示 “连一个…都没有”。此短语若作及物动词的宾语时，也可移至句首，采用倒装结构。
l did not see a soul over there.=Not a soul did I see over there.我在那儿一个人也没看到。I was not able to discover a clue to the murder.=Not a clue to the murder was I able to discover.这件谋杀案我连一点蛛丝马迹也没法找到。
(9) nowhere 表示“在任何地方都不”，这也是一个否定副词，置于句首要采用倒装句
Nowhere could I find such a friend.这种朋友我在任何地方都找不到。Nowhere else will you find such a good book.你在其他任何地方都找不到这么好的书。
小结
1.某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装，多表示 “绝不”。2.用于 no sooner… than, hardly/scarcely… when 的句型中，表示 "一.….就…”3.用于 not only…but also… 的句型中，表示 “不仅…而且…”4.用于 only+介词短语 和 only then(唯有在那时)的句型中。5.用于 not until 句型当中，表示 “直到…才”。6.用于not a+单数可数名词的句型当中，表示 “连一个…都没有”7.nowhere，表示“在任何地方都不”。
3.4 结果状语倒装
【低频倒装】在书面语中，可以对结果状语从句进行倒装，so … that …例句：They advanced so rapidly that the enemy were taken by surprise.So rapidly did they advance that the enemy were taken by surprise.Such was his reputation that few people dared to question his judgement.
3.5 比较状语从句倒装
在比较状语从句中，若 than 后的谓语为助动词 do / does / did 时，可对从句内容进行倒装Country people tend to speak more slowly than city-dwellers tend to speak.Country people tend to speak more slowly than city-dwellers do.用助动词 do 来代替谓语动词，没必要写 tend to speak
部分倒装：Country people tend to speak more slowly than do city-dwellersJack memorizes much more words and expressions than do his students.Lucy has much more food than does her deskmate.
3.6 only 位于句首
用于 only+介词短语 和 only then(唯有在那时)的句型中。这两个搭配均可视为否定副词短语，置于句首时，亦采用倒装句。Only by doing so can you succeed.只有这么做你才会成功。Only with his help will I be able to overcome the difficulties.有了他的帮助，我才能克服困难。Only at that time/Only then did I leave.到那时我才离开。Only recentlydid linguists begin the serious study of languages that were verydifferent from their own.Only thenwill they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.Andonly over the past 30 yearshave scholars examined history from the bottom up.3.7 虚拟条件句省略 if
在 if 虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had. should等词，可将 if 省略，把 were，had，should 移到主语之前，采用部分倒装
Should it rain tomorrow,we would not play basketball.= If it should rain tomorrow,we would not play basketball. 如果明天下雨，我们就不会去打篮球了。Were it not for your help，I would still be homeless.= If it were not your help，I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。Had I prepared well，I couldn’t have lost the job.= If I had prepared well， I couldn’t have lost the job. 如果我准备充分了，就不会失去这份工作了。
虚拟条件句省略 if，从句要部分倒装，主句不变
原句：ButifEntergyhad keptits word, that debate would be beside the point改后：Buthad Entergy keptits word, that debate would be beside the point.
4. 全部倒装：地点/方向 提前的倒装
全部倒装是把句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语前
结构特征：谓语 + 主语（完全倒装）
① 在方面语中，“地点 / 方向” 类的表达提前至句首后，句子可以进行完全倒装
A man in naval uniform stoodin front of the door.
In front of the doorstood a man in naval uniform.Three women on horseback cameround the corner.
Round the cornercame three women on horseback.In the north of China lies the Great Wall.Above the town stands a castle.
② 在非正式用语中，类似的用法出现在 here / there 等较短的副词后
The bus comes here.
Here comes the bus.
Your sister goes there.
There goes your sister.
walk up
Up walked a policeman.
come out
Out came Jack.
③ There be 句型：“有…” （客观存在）或者 there live(stand,appear，seem，remain，exist….)句型中。
No gap between mind and matter is there. = There is no gap between mind and matter.There may be more matches in the database.There are thousands of people on the square.广场上有成千上万人。There lived an old fisherman in the village.村子里住着一个年迈的渔夫。There stands a little girl.一个小女孩站在那儿。
【补充】如果此结构中主语为代词，则不能倒装
She walked up.
Up she walked.
（1）here 和 there, now, then 位于句首时的倒装
表示地点的 here 和 there 位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。句式： here (there，now,then) + 不及物动词 + 主语这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词 be 和 come，go 等表示移动或动态的不及物动词。Here’s your letter.你的信在这里。There’s Jenny.詹妮在那儿。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。There goes the last train.最后一班火车开走了。Then came the students.那时学生们来了。
here 和 there, now, then 位于句首时的倒装 用法注意事项
① 以上倒装句中的谓语动词 come 和 go 不能用进行时态，即不能说：
Here is coming the bus。
② 若主语为代词，则不倒装：
Here we are.我们到了。Here it comes.它来了。
③ 其中的动词有时也可能是 stand, lie, live 等表示状态的动词(表示存在)：
There stood a desk against the wall.靠墙放着一张书桌。Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Bailey.从前有个人名叫贝利。
④ here 与 there 的习惯用语
Here you are. / Here you go.拿去吧。(给你)There you go again.你又来了。(又来这套)There you are.你在这。There it is.在那里。
（2）away 和 down 等位于句首时的倒装
地点副词 away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完
全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。环境描写常出现这类表达。Away went the kids.孩子们跑远了。Round and round flew the plane.飞机盘旋着。Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，伞都撑起来了。小提示:若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装。如: Away he went.他跑远了。Down it came.它掉了下来。
（3）分词和不定式置于句首的倒装
有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。Buried in the sands was an ancient palace.一座古老的宫殿被埋在这沙土之中。Standing beside the table was his brother-in-law.站在桌旁的是他的姐夫。To be carefully considered are the following questions.下列问题要仔细考虑。
（4）状语或表语位于句首时的倒装
为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装Among these people was his friend Kim.(前面句子可能以 among these people 结尾) 他的朋友金就在这些人当中。By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。小提示：在表语置于句首的之类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致In the box is a ball.箱子里的是一个球。In the box are some balls.箱子里的是一堆球。
5. 总结
1.as / though 让步状语从句的倒装2.间接引入前置倒装3.部分倒装（结构特征：助动词 + 主语）① 疑问句② so / nor / neither③ 否定词提前至句首引导的倒装④ 结果状语从句 so / such … that …⑤ 比较状语从句的倒装⑥ only 放句首的倒装⑦ 虚拟条件句省略 if 的倒装4.地点/方向 提前的倒装6. 引语动词后的前置
在书面语中，尤其是在讲述事件的时候，引语动词后的直接引语部分可以提前，提前后的结构：“直接引语” + 引语动词 + 主语
Mary said “It’a getting late”
“It’s getting late" said Mary. 这种结构最为常见
“It’s getting late" Mary said.
“Go away” shouted the shopkeeper
【补充】如果主语为代词，直接引语后的句子不能倒装。
“It’s getting late" said she.是错的，主语为代词，不能倒装
“It’s getting late" she said. 只能是这种结构
