外文原文
Structure improvement of construction winches
In recent years, construction wincheshaveachievedgreat development, but due to various reasons, China's current production of construction hoistshas varieties of problems such as disordered organization,structural differencesin the same tonnage product transmission type,inconvenienceof use ,difficulty ofrepair，the low rate of serializationgeneralization, standardizationand so on.
Anew type of JK1 winch has been produced by many construction machinery factories in the late 80’s. It has advantages of compact structure, reasonable layout,more advanced technical parameters reliable braking, convenient repairing flexible operation.But after years of production, there still existssome problems, for this, we performed the following improvements.
1.The improvement insealing propertiesoftransmission
In the JKI winch are found in the use of gear box oil leakage, site focused on the high speed shaft and the output shaft and the output shaft seal and cabinet. By the analysis of measurement, found the cause of oil leakage is bearing cover and between the output shaft and the felt is unreliable in sealing, the sealing effect can not reach the design requirements; and the high speed shaft and output shaft oil leakage is the main cause of hole inner and outer diameterofcylinder and coaxial degree did not meet the design requirements of accuracy, in order to achieve the design accuracy is required to increase grinding process and related process equipment, so as to increase the manufacturing cost. Therefore, we of the two structure was improved, the sleeve in the bore diameter on processing sealing groove, placed0type sealing ring, which reduces the outer diameter of the sleeve hole position accuracy and good sealing effect. In addition to the bearing cover, felt seal to 0type sealingcan get good results.
2. The improvement ofcouplingtype
the original designof JK1 hoist choose the tire coupling ,the coupling hasthe advantages of simple structure, good elasticity, torsion stiffness, damping capacity, compensation relativity great displacement; but the radial dimensions big, additional axial load, and the tire aging, in actual use, disassembly and assembly of complex, increased the difficulty of assembling. The current domestic production of couplings comparison, use a quincunx elastic coupling. It has the advantages of simple structure, good elasticity, torsion stiffness of small advantages, and small size, the axial load is small, simple disassembly and assembly, long service life of the elastic element. Throughyears of use，a quincunx elastic coupling safety, reliability than the original design of the tire coupling.
3.The improvement of gear materials
The original design of JKI hoist gear materials forZG340 ~ 640( ZG55), poorprocessing technology, casting defects caused high scrap rate, high production costs. Using OT700-2toreplace ZG55withnodularcast iron, ductile iron gear. Checkthe contact strength and bending strength are better than the caststeel gear,casting scrap rate is greatly reduced,themachining process has been improved.
4. Improvement of control circuit
The original design by JKI hoist electromagnetic starter control circuit, poor safety, accident is frequent. According to GBI3329- 9I" building hoist safety regulations" and JG / T503I - 93" building hoist design standard", is a new design. The new design of the electric control box with a main contactor and a pair of motor controlcontactors，relays the other heating for overload protection, control the button box, the realization of the remote operation, the electronic control box in the reserved wiring terminal, and can be connected in series, lower limit and limit device. In order to realize and I plant the production of SSI00lifting machine, also increased the phase sequence relay. The improved electric control box can realize the quick stop short circuit, overload and pressure loss, zero, broken phase protection, enhance the safety and reliability, improve the overall technical performance, users establish a good reputation, improve my plant hoister in market share.
5.Thegear transmission mechanism with small tooth difference
Use of the gear transmission mechanism with small tooth difference superioritycan improveand enhancetheconstruction machinery and equipment of the transmission structure technical performance, the planetary gear drive with small teeth difference is applied to building hoist engine power transmission system, is to make the traditional hoist volume is reduced, optimize a structure, reduce cost, improve performance in an effective way, which has broad prospects
5.1The correct gear meshing transmission under the condition of selecting the modification coefficient.
The correct gear meshing transmission under the premise, in the design of few teeth difference speed reducing mechanism by changing the internal, external gear tooth number can get different drive ratio, if the internal gear tooth number ( Z 2) unchanged, the outer gear tooth number ( Z 1) is bigger, the tooth number difference ( Z1) smaller, the transmission ratio is bigger. But for the tooth top height h a! = 1, the original tooth angle!0 =20standard internal gear pair, in Z1to a certain extent because of internal and external gear tooth profile to an eclipse, not according to the original design of the center distance of the assembly. In Z1 very hour gear side can still normally meshing transmission, the existing two ways to follow; one is to reduce the tooth top height, using short tooth shape to remove the tooth outline overlap; two is through the selection of proper modification coefficient, increase the internal gear tooth width, reduced thickness from top gear, tooth gap eliminating tooth outline overlap. The implementation of the above two methods can be adopted at the same time, in order to achieve the best effect of meshing transmission. Notably, when the internal and external gear pair with short gear and internal gear are changed, the tooth thickness, tooth height, length of cable, center distance, the meshing angle and meshing performance are also changed, from inside and outside the choice of gear modification coefficient is key.
5.2 The reasonablerange of displacementgear
Gear should ensure the addendum coefficient Se/ M=0.4, and the tooth top still for tooth profile. Generally less tooth difference construction hoist technical parameters can meet therequirements，it can be omitted in inspection
5.3 internal gearing with interference
According to the transmission ratio and strength calculation conditions of the small tooth difference transmission pair of main technical parameters, can ensure its smooth installation and the normal operation of the key is to consider other without interference conditions can also meet the requirements.
（1）Interference in Z 2under the condition of Z 1is larger than a certain value, the interference does not occur. As a result of less tooth difference gear drive gear tooth number is closer to1, and Z has been greater than the incidence of invinterference limit value, so this condition without checking.
（2）the transition interference because of slotting internal gear slotting cutter of the top than the normal tooth height of a tooth tip clearance height, and few teeth difference internal gear pair made of short tooth for tooth ( h a! = 0.8), so both inner and outer tooth gear transition is the possibility of interference are small, actual node other teeth touch design can be from checking.
（3）Addendum together assembly
Internal gear pair in order to prevent the occurrence of those shown in Figure 1, the node of the tooth top touching each other, ensure the normal operation, to make internal gear pair of nodes each tooth top radial clearance should be reasonable, inspection.
6. Notes about processing
Small tooth difference transmission construction hoist in manufacture and other modes of transmission winch has many different, should be noted.
6.1 Ways of selection
JK1type construction hoist is used in a pin shaft type gear transmission mechanism with small tooth difference, the selection of parts materials should not only consider the use of mechanical equipment requirements, processing conditions, but also to take into account the selected materials in the technical performance and cost reasonableness. comparisonofpen. Thinking of that the main drive shaft, planetary gear and other parts can choose45 steel and 40Cr steel, pin, shaft sleeve can choose Gcrl5, pin45, pin shaft sleeve to switch to 40Cr steel can meet the using requirements; the output shaft can be ZG45or ZG55, internal gear should bechosen,Tl20or l T60(70,80) - 2; the support and the reel can choose HT200, so that not only can reduce the cost and ensure the mechanical properties. Notable is must carry on the reasonable heattreatment, in order to give full play to the selected material with excellent properties, for casting, forging, welding pieces must be aging treatment, to eliminate the internal stress, improve the processing performance.
6.2Precision should be appropriate.
Proper machining accuracy is to ensure that product quality performance. Small tooth difference transmission has the advantages of compact structure, form and position tolerance requirements higher, except the shaft diameter tolerances.
（1）General coupling piece can be routinely asked to choose should also pay attention to the following points,gear machining accuracy not less than Gbl0095 - precision, the tooth thickness deviation based on clearance requirements in FL or GM flexible options, such as 877HK etc..
（2）Aplanet wheel pin hole, the output shaft and a pin shaft frame pinhole aperture tolerances can be selected by H8, pin shaft diameter according to the H7, pin shaft sleeve outer diameter can be selected according to f 7. Notable is the three above thecoaxialerror of hole distribution error should be as small as possible, general pin hole adjacent error. With the cumulative error tolerances are under the control of the 004mm and0 08mm within, or it may cause large noise, affect the transmission performance.
（3）Aplanet wheel pin hole of nominal size in addition to the pin shaft sleeve outer diameter and two times the eccentricity should also increase the appropriate amount of compensation, is introduced to remedy the pin shaft, pin, setsofprocessing and assembly error, is too small to improve related parts processing precision, otherwise difficult assembly, operation of case; too large may lead to pin loads are easily made into shaft break, or sets of crack.
外文资料翻译译文
建筑卷扬机结构改进
近几年来，建筑卷扬机得到了较大的发展，但由于各种原因，我国目前生产的建筑卷扬机还存在着品种杂乱、同一吨位产品的传动型式结构差别大，选用不便、维修困难，系列化、通用化、标准化程度低等问题。
许多建筑机械厂在80 年代末期生产的JK1卷扬机大都是新外型，结构紧凑，布局合理，技术参数比较先进，使用性能良好，制动可靠，维修方便，操作灵活。但经多年生产，也发现存在一些问题，为此，我们进行了以下改进：
1 、减速箱体密封性能改进
在JKI卷扬机使用过程中发现减速箱体渗漏油，部位集中在高速轴与输出轴的密封处及输出轴与箱体之间。经分析测量，发现渗漏油的原因是轴承盖与输出轴之间毛毡密封不可靠，密封效果达不到设计要求；而高速轴与输出轴之间渗油主要原因是孔套内外径的圆柱度及同轴度未达到设计要求的精度，而要达到图纸设计精度要求需增加磨削工序和配套工艺装备，这样增加了制造成本。因此，我们对这两处的结构进行了改进，在孔套的外径上加工密封槽，放置0 型密封圈，这样既降低孔套外径形位精度且密封效果良好。另外把轴承盖的毛毡密封改为0 型密封，效果良好。
2、联轴器型式的改进
JKI 卷扬机原设计采用轮胎式联轴器，这种联轴器结构简单，弹性好，扭转刚度小，减振能力强，补偿两轴相对位移量大；但径向外形尺寸大，附加轴向载荷大，且轮胎易老化，在实际使用中，拆装复杂，增加了装配难度。经对目前国内生产的联轴器比较，改用了梅花型弹性联轴器。它具有结构简单、弹性好、扭转刚度小等优点，而且外形尺寸小、轴向载荷小、拆装简单、弹性元件使用寿命长。通过几年使用证明，梅花型弹性联轴器安全性、可靠性都优于原设计的轮胎式联轴器。
3 、齿轮材料的改进
JKI 卷扬机原设计齿轮材料为ZG340 ~ 640（ZG55），加工工艺性差，铸造缺陷造成很高的废品率，生产成本很高。用OT700-2 球墨铸铁取代ZG55，采用球铁齿轮。校核其接触强度和弯曲强度都好于铸钢齿轮，铸造废品率也大大降低，机加工工艺性也有了一定的改善。
4、 控制电路的改进
JKI 卷扬机原设计采用电磁起动器控制电路，安全性差，事故较频繁。根据GBI3329—9I《建筑卷扬机安全规程》和JG/T503I—93《建筑卷扬机设计规范》，进行了重新设计。新设计的电控箱采用一个主接触器和一对控制电机正反转的接触器，另加热继电器作过载保护，控制采用按钮盒，可实现远距离操作，在电控箱中预留了接线端子，可串接上、下限位和极限装置。为实现与我厂生产的SSI00提升机配套使用，还增加了相序继电器。改进后的电控箱能实现急停短路、过载和失压、零位、缺断相保护，增强了使用安全性和可靠性，完善了整机技术性能，在用户中树立了良好的信誉，提高了我厂卷扬机在市场的占有率。
5、采用少齿差传动机构
利用采用少齿差传动机构的优越性可改进和提高建筑机械等设备的传动结构技术性能，将渐开线少齿差行星齿轮传动应用于建筑卷扬机的动力传输系统，是使传统卷扬机减小体积、优化结构、降低成本、提高性能的有效途径，具有广阔的前景。
5、1 齿轮正确啮合传动的前提下的变位系数的选择
齿轮正确啮合传动的前提下，在设计少齿差减速机构时通过改变内、外齿轮的齿数可以得到不同的传动比，如果内齿轮齿数（Z 2）不变，其外齿轮齿数（Z 1）越大，则其齿数差（Z1）越小，传动比也就越大。但对于齿顶高h a= 1 ，原始齿形角α= 20 的标准内齿轮传动副，在Z1小到一定程度时由于内外齿轮的齿廓发生重迭，则无法按原设计的中心距进行装配。为了在Z1很小时内外齿轮副仍能正常啮合传动，现有两条途径可循；一是降低齿顶高度，采用短齿齿形以消除齿廓重迭；二是通过选择适当的变位系数，增大内齿轮齿间宽度，减少外齿轮齿顶厚度，从齿间间隙上消除齿廓重迭。实施中可同时采用上述两种方法，以期达到最佳啮合传动的效果。值得注意的是，当内外齿轮副采用短齿齿形且内外齿轮进行变位后，其齿厚、齿高、公法线长度、中心距、啮合角及啮合性能等都同时发生改变，由此内外齿轮变位系数的选择就成了关键。
5、2 齿轮变位的合适范围
齿轮变位后应保证齿顶高系数Se ／m =0. 4 ，且齿顶部分仍为渐开线齿廓。一般少齿差建筑卷扬机的技术参数选择均能满足要求，故可省略检验。
5、3 内齿轮传动副的干涉
根据传动比及强度计算等条件决定了少齿差传动副的主要技术参数后，能否保证其顺利安装和正常运转关键是考虑其它不发生干涉的条件是否也能满足要求。
（1）渐开线干涉在Z 2一定的条件下Z 1大于一定值，渐开线干涉就不会发生。由于少齿差齿轮传动中内外齿轮的齿数较接近，且Z 1一直大于发生渐开线干涉的极限值，所以此条件无须验算。
（2）过渡干涉因为插切内齿轮插齿刀的顶高比正常齿高出一个齿顶间隙的高度，而且少齿差内外齿轮副采用短齿制齿形（h a=0. 8 ），所以无论对于内齿和外齿发生过渡干涉的可能性都很小，实际节点对方齿相碰设计中也可以免于验算。
（3）齿顶相碰装配，内齿轮副时为防止发生图1 所示的情况，即节点对方的齿顶相碰，保证正常运转，须使内齿轮副节点对方的齿顶径向间隙合理，应予检验。
6、加工注意事项
少齿差传动建筑卷扬机在加工制作中与其它传动方式的卷扬机有许多不同，应予注意。
6、1 选材合理
JK1型建筑卷扬机采用的是销轴式少齿差传动机构，其零件材料的选择既要考虑到机械设备的使用要求、加工制作工艺条件，更要考虑到所选材料在技术性能和经济成本上的合理性。经多方比较笔
者认为，其主传动轴、行星齿轮等零件可选用45号钢或40cr 钢，销轴、销轴套可选用Gcrl5 ，销轴改用45 号、销轴套改用40cr 钢仍可满足使用要求；输出轴可选用ZG45 或ZG55 ，内齿轮宜选用Tl20 -l 或T60 （70 、80 ）-2 ；其余支撑件和卷筒可选用HT200 等，这样既可降低成本又可确保机械性能。值得注意的是必须对其进行合理的热处理，才能充分发挥所选材料的优良性能，对于铸、锻、焊件一定要进行时效处理，以消除内应力、改善加工性能、防止机加工后变形。
6、2 精度适当
适当的加工精度是确保产品质量性能的前提。少齿差传动结构紧凑、形位公差要求较高，除轴径公差、一般耦合件可按常规要求选择外还应注意下列几点。
（l）内外齿轮的加工精度不宜低于Gbl0095 -88 中的7 -8 级精度，其齿厚偏差可依据侧隙要求在FL 或GM 中灵活选择，如877HK 等。
（2）行星轮销孔、输出轴及销轴架销孔的孔径公差可按H8 选取，销轴轴径可按h7、销轴套外径可按f 7选取。值得注意的是以上三者的同轴度误差孔位分布误差应尽可能地小，一般销孔相邻误差。累积误差公差分别控制在0. 04mm 和0. 08mm 以内，否则可能造成较大声响，影响其传输性能。
（3）行星轮销孔的公称尺寸除按销轴套外径加两倍偏心距外还应增加适当的补偿量，引入是为了补救销轴、销孔、销套的加工和装配误差，过小则需提高相关件的加工精度，否则装配困难、运转卡塞；过大可能导致销轴负载不均，易造成轴断或套裂。
