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高考英语短文改错技巧精讲
短文改错
概况:
从近几年的高考短文改错来看,一篇120词左右的短文中共有10处错误,每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
考查能力:
短文改错的目的是测试考生发现、判断、纠正一些词法、句法以及语篇中的行文逻辑等方面错误的能力。它既能考查考生的词汇和语法方面的能力,也能考查考生的阅读理解能力。其考查要点的主要方面有:
一、词类错误
词类:
V:
考点:
例题:
1. Charles and Linda were seeing near the top of the building.________
2. Books may be keep for four weeks.________
3. ....and let you know when the book you want has returned.________
4. Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.________
5. They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.________
6. David and I wanted go off to find help but Bill insisted on staying near the car.________
7. ...rather than go into the forest and getting lost.________
8. Modern people know more about health,have better food,and to live in clearer surroundings.________
9. you pay the cost of send a postcard,the librarian will write to you.________
N:
考点:
例题:
10. We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.________
11. There are branch library in many villages.________
12. I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.________
13. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.________
Adj/adv:
考点:
互换(+ly);变形;原级,比较级,最高级
例题:
14. Last Sunday,police cars hurried to the taller building in New York.________
15. As a result,people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.________
代词:
考点:
例题:
16. David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.________
17. When we walked to the car,Bill smiled and shook head.________
18. We climb everywhere,not only in America. They have been to Europe many times.________
19. The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.________
介词:
考点:
例题:
20. Bill insisted in staying near the car.________
21. When they came down,the police were angry to them.________
22. Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill._______
冠词:
考点:
例题:
23. After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened.________
24. I decided to climb the tree to see where we were.________
25. Good health is person’s most valuable possession.________
26. Maybe you could come during a winter holidays.________
27. Suddenly,I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.________
连词:(如下)
二、句类错误
句类错误包括:主谓一致;各种从句的引导词;强调句型;句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。
主谓一致
对主谓一致的考查主要根据语法、意义、就近、就远等一致原则,判断人称和数是否与主语保持一致。
1.Today,I am going to talk with (about) what you should do when a fire alarm go off.________
连接词
考点:
2.People would like to take part in this contest should go to the office of the Students’ Union and sign up.________
句子成分赘余
考点:
句子成分赘余一般有如下几种类型:
(1)受母语思维影响,出现汉语式结构,造成冗言;
(2)不明词义内涵,造成词义重叠;
(3)介词多余;(4)助动词、系动词多余;(5)多冠词;(6)定语从句中成分重复;
(7)程度副词和频率副词,如much,more,often等的多余;(8)小品词to多余等。
3.If you notice that when someone is missing and (or) hurt,tell your teacher immediately.________
4.缺词错误
考点:
缺词现象常见的有:
(1)缺系动词;(2)缺介词;(3)缺冠词、物主代词等限定词;(4)在定语从句中缺关系代词或关系副词;(5)缺连接词;(6)缺否定词;(7)缺不定式符号to等。
4.He wanted teach me about animals,insects and trees.________
三、篇类错误
语篇型错误测试包括:
上下文中时态是否一致;上下文中代词是否一致;上下文中逻辑是否一致;上下文中词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。
1.I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I had noticed that the carriage was noise (noisy) and filled with people.________
2.Then everyone in the carriage began searching (∧ for) the ticket,which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.________
3.As (∧ a) result,the plants are growing somewhere.________
易错点1平行结构中的错误
(1)We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do.
(2)We can lie on the grass for a rest,or sat by the lake listening (∧ to) music.
【即时小练】
(1)It is a very important exam but I can’t afford to fail it.________
(2)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.________
(3)I’m the captain of our school team so with my fellow players we’ve won several games.________
(4)The understanding between two friends mean (means) both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.________
以题说法
在表达相互平行的概念时,要使用相同的语法结构。
平行结构经常借助于并列连词and,but,or或连词词组not only...but also...,not...but...,either...or...,neither...nor...,as well as等。
突破指南
平行结构中的错误主要是行文逻辑上的错误,解答此类题目的关键是翻译成汉语,注意上下文含义;其次是对此类连词敏感,见到它们首先考虑前后形式一致。
易错点2从句与并列句的错误
I told Mother,Father,Sister,all my friends here what a great time I had.
【即时小练】
This would save the life of many animals,some of them have almost died out.________
以题说法
句子与句子之间的逗号只起间隔作用,不能连接句子,所以要注意从句与并列句的辨别。
突破指南
遇到此类题目,观察逗号后面有无连词,没有的话,添加适当的连词,或者把其中一句变为从句。
易错点3动词时态与语态的错误
John always gets up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
【即时小练】
(1)We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop...________
(2)Also,scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.________
(3)If the book you will want is out,you may ask for it to be called back for you.________
以题说法
根据句中can一词,可以看出左面题目中的时态是一般现在时,所以出现的时态错误。
突破指南
动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去时的区别,其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的背景下误用某个一般过去时;或者反过来,在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看,主要涉及be和have两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态,如一般将来时、现在完成时等,但很少见。
附录:短文改错做题技巧
要想在高考英语中做好短文改错,按照“四步走”,实施“四查法”可有效减少不必要的失误。具体做法如下:
一、“四步走”
1.通读全文,了解大意
注意语篇结构和行文逻辑,不能在未了解大意的情况下就按部就班地一行一行地改。
2.先易后难,缩小范围
通读短文的过程中,可以把其中明显的错误找出来,这样就缩小了范围,为下一步的分析判断提供更充分的依据,也能把注意力集中在较难判断的句子上。
如:Susan think Paul is just the man she can depend on.此句中谓语没用单数第三人称形式就是一个明显的错误。
3.把握句意,逐句判断
逐句扫描,各个击破。为了使每行长度相差不大,往往一个句子分成两行或三行,而一个句子是否有错只有看完整个句子,甚至还要瞻前顾后才能判断出错误之处。所以在通读全文时,要以句子为最小单位,千万别以行为单位。请记住下面的口诀:
动词形,名词数,注意形和副;
非谓动词细辨别,习惯用法要记住;
句子成分多分析,逻辑错误须关注。
4.反复通读,复查验证
在大部分错误都改正之后,如果还有拿不准的,应当再次通读短文,利用语感做最后判断;也可以根据此类题的特点,运用错误类型的比例来定夺。错词一般有7~8个,多词和缺词约有2~3处。
二、“四查法”
1.左顾右盼查名词
要注意搜寻名词之前及其本身出现的错误。看该名词前是否缺限定词,该用何种限定词。尤其要查冠词的使用情况。碰到代词要弄清它代替什么。当名词前有形容词时更要加倍注意。
如:Catherine,to whom you can turn for help, has good knowledge of Greek.(knowledge为不可数名词,在has之后加上不定冠词a)
2.“语”“时”俱进查动词
认真分析动词所用的时态、语态。尤其要根据上下文所提供的时间信息,“语”“时”俱进地反复推敲。
如:Martin gained so much confidence that he goes back to school...(goes改为went)
3.启承转合查连词
为使短文结构严谨,短文中往往会出现好多连词。这些连词的使用,在结构和意义上都要通顺流畅,恰如其分。
如:It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. (So改为But)
4.文通理顺查逻辑
文通即行文合乎英语词法、句法;理顺指行文逻辑符合人们的认知规律,即符合常理。
如:The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up.(第二个up改为down)